Translate to iranian language - Iranian Persian ( Persian: فارسی ایرانی, romanized : Fârsi-ye Irâni ), [2] [3] Western Persian [4] or Western Farsi, [5] natively simply known as Persian ( Persian: فارسی, romanized : Fârsi ), refers to the varieties of the Persian language spoken in Iran and by minorities in neighboring countries, as well as by Iranian ...

 
Urdu to Persian Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines. Urdu to Persian Translation tool includes online translation service, on-screen keyboard for major languages, back translation, email client and much more.. Goulopoulos islands map

Persian Wikipedia (Persian: ویکی‌پدیای فارسی, romanized: Wīkipediāī Fārsī) is the Persian language version of Wikipedia.The Persian version of Wikipedia was started in December 2003. As of April 2024, it has 999,953 articles, 1,304,897 registered users, and 90,352 files, and it is the 19th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 22nd in terms of … Translate King uses Google transliteration Application Programming Interface (API) as its primary online language translation tool for seamlessly converting . English words into Persian. This API harnesses the cutting-edge capabilities of Google"s neural machine translation, allowing for the transformation of sentences into over 100 languages ... Persian (Iran) It's never been easier to reach more people, including those who speak a different language! Translate your audio, video, and subtitles with Simon Says' advanced A.I. in a few minutes. We support translation from and into 100 languages. Translation entails first transcription to turn audio to text; then translation of text to text.User-friendly interface. Our translator is easy to use. Just type or paste text into the left box, click "Translate," and let QuillBot do the rest. Text-to-speech feature. Unsure how …Here you can find the translation for "Delicious" and a mnemonic illustration to help you remember it. / / / ...English to Persian Translation tool includes online translation service, English text-to-speech service, English spell checking tool, on-screen keyboard for major languages, …Check out Glosbe English - Persian translator that uses latest AI achievements to give you most accurate translations as you type. Translate English(English) to Persian(فارسی). English Text "How are you?" will be translated to Persian as "چطور هستید؟". English language online translation tool can also be used as English to Persian Dictionary to get meaning of English words in Persian. Persian (/ ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən / PUR-zhən or / ˈ p ɜːr ʃ ən / PUR-shən), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi (فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the …Gilaki (گیلٚکي زٚوؤن romanized: ɡilɵki zɵvön) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people.Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani. The two languages of Gilaki and Mazandarani have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological …A new thought-for-thought New Testament translation, Common Language Translation, was first published in 1976. It is also known in Persian as Injil Sharif ... (2008), Old Testament (2014) and Deuterocanonical books (2003) is translated by Iranian translator and researcher, Pirouz Sayyar and published in Tehran. Persian Dayspring ...Tavalodet mobarak. Happy birthday (formal) تولدتون مبارک. Tavalodetoon mobarak. To hear the pronunciation of these phrases, check out the below video. Skip to 0:56 for the pronunciation: You’d use the informal form if you’re speaking with a friend or peer.The first and most popular free online Farsi (Persian)/English Dictionary with easy to use Farsi keyboard, two-way word lookup, multi-language smart translator, English lessons, …Mazandarani (مازرونی) Mazandarani is a northwestern Iranian language spoken in Mazandaran (اُستان مازندران), Gīlān (استان گیلان) and Golestan (استان گلستان) provinces in the northwest of Iran by some 3.3 million people. Mazandarani is also known as Tabäri (تبری) and has a number of different ...Persian (/ ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən / PUR-zhən or / ˈ p ɜːr ʃ ən / PUR-shən), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi (فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the …Proto-Iranian or Proto-Iranic is the reconstructed proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family and thus the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian, Pashto, Sogdian, Zazaki, Ossetian, Mazandarani, Kurdish, Talysh and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Iranians, are assumed to have lived in the …• Wikimedia: linguistic map, Persian language is spoken in Iran and in a part of Afghanistan • The Persian system of politeness and concept of face in Iranian culture by Sofia …Iran Translator provides widespread advertisement of your products offered in Iran on Iranian sites. Those products whose manuals have been translated by Iran Translator will enjoy a considerable discount for advertisement. *****. Farsi Translation - Using our services, you can have Farsi translation of your English manuals by native speakers ...Persian Translation service by ImTranslator offers online translations from and to Persian language for over 160 other languages. Persian Translation tool includes Persian online translator, multilingual on-screen keyboard, back …Mazandarani (مازرونی) Mazandarani is a northwestern Iranian language spoken in Mazandaran (اُستان مازندران), Gīlān (استان گیلان) and Golestan (استان گلستان) provinces in the northwest of Iran by some 3.3 million people. Mazandarani is also known as Tabäri (تبری) and has a number of different ...The average price set by the non-Iranian translation companies for the translation of this 930 words text into Persian was 172 euros ... since Persian is the official language of Iran, the rate of translation into this language would definitely be lower in Iran compared to countries in which Persian is considered as a ... Active. Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. [3] The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages [1] [2] or collectively the Aryan languages [3]) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia . PONS Persian ↔ English Translator - new with lots of practical functions PONS-Users have profited for over 10 years from our online text translator, currently into 38 different languages. But it’s now time for an upgrade! Get to know the new features of our interface, designed to meet your needs so your translations will be even better. Indeed, a few tests show that DeepL Translator offers better translations than Google Translate when it comes to Dutch to English and vice versa. RTL Z. Netherlands. In the first test - from English into Italian - it proved to be very accurate, especially good at grasping the meaning of the sentence, rather than being derailed by a literal ...The Persian Translation tool includes online translator, translation dictionaries, text to voice online for a number of languages, multilingual virtual keyboard, online spell checker, Russian decoder, back translation, email service and much more. Free Persian translation service. The Persian translator can translate text, words and phrases ...The most popular languages for translation. Translate from Russian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Russian to English translations today and experience seamless communication! Translate your image as text from Farsi to English and vice versa with a single click. 46 languages and 104 language pairs. Translate your images between 46 European, Middle East, and Asian languages. Process images from the Internet. There is no need to download a image file to your local device for processing. It can translate English to Khmer, English to French, and more. What Is Persian? Persian is a language spoken in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. It’s also referred to as Farsi in Iran, which is also Persian’s endonym. There are three versions of Persian, Eastern, Iranian, and Tajiki. September 24, 2020. [Editor’s Note: This week, we relaunch our monthly Bookmarks feature with a five-part series on 100 essential books by Iranian writers available in English, researched and curated by author …1. Nowruzetan Pirooz (نوروزتون پیروز): “Nowruzetan Pirooz,” which translates to “May your Nowruz be victorious,” is a friendly and informal way to offer your wishes. It conveys a sense of celebration, success, and happiness for the recipient throughout the festive period. 2. Sal-e No Mobarak (سال نو مبارک):Only four of the many modern Iranian languages are the official languages of the state in which they are spoken. The chief of these is Persian (known in Persian as Fārsī), a West Iranian language and the national language of Iran, which is spoken by about 30,000,000 people as a native language. A dialect of Persian known as Dari is …The Persian Translation tool includes online translator, translation dictionaries, text to voice online for a number of languages, multilingual virtual keyboard, online spell checker, Russian decoder, back translation, email service and much more. Free Persian translation service. The Persian translator can translate text, words and phrases ...A member of the Indo-Iranian language family, Persian is spoken natively by 81 million people and 130 million people in total. Persian has an ancient and rich literary history, in particular poetry. There are a number of English words, e.g. ‘spinach’, ‘lime’ and ‘lilac’, that have their roots in Persian. Varieties of Persian.1. Simply upload a Persian or English document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from Persian and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate Persian documents to English in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ... Online Farsi translation tool instantly translates text. This Farsi translator supports Persian, English, Spanish, German, Swedish and French. The most popular languages for translation. Translate from English to Persian online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will … Active. Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. [3] What you can do with QuillBot’s online translator. Translate longer texts. Use a translator without ads. Translate text in 45 languages. Edit text and cite sources at the same time with integrated writing tools. Enjoy completely free translation. Use the power of AI to translate text quickly and accurately. Translate online—without ...The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages [1] [2] or collectively the Aryan languages [3]) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in South Asia, West Asia and parts of Central Asia .Tork e khar: “Tork donkey” — Torks are ethnic group of Iranians. Yāboo: The name of the animal known as an ass. Zahre mār: “Snake’s poison” — said in response to another, by an upset person. Zer nazan: Kinda like, “don’t talk too much”. “a” appearing without an accent will be pronounced as a short-a, as in “ate”. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Translate between up to 133 languages. Feature support varies by language: • Text: Translate between languages by typing. • Offline: Translate with no internet connection. • Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just pointing your camera. • Photos: Translate text in taken or imported photos.Iran is home to a diverse range of languages, including the official Persian language and various regional and minority languages. Regional languages in Iran include Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, and Luri, each with its own unique characteristics and cultural significance. Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Luri, and ...PersianPod101 brings you easy-to-learn translations and the correct pronunciation of Persian Christmas phrases! Christmas is the annual commemorative festival of Christ’s birth in the Western Christian Church. It takes place on December 25th and is usually celebrated with much food and fanfare! However, not all cultures celebrate …Welcome to the vibrant world of Iranian culture and language! Saying hello is often the first step to building connections with the people in any country. In Iran, the official language is Persian, also known as Farsi. This guide will provide you with a range of phrases and tips on how to say hello in Iranian, including both formal and informal greetings.The total number of Dari speakers is about 12.5 million [ source ]. Dari is known as دری (Darī), فارسی دری (Fārsī-ye Darī) or Afghan Persian. It is mutually intelligible with Persian (Farsi) of Iran, though there are some differences … Translate King uses Google transliteration Application Programming Interface (API) as its primary online language translation tool for seamlessly converting . English words into Persian. This API harnesses the cutting-edge capabilities of Google"s neural machine translation, allowing for the transformation of sentences into over 100 languages ... Persian speakers often use the phrase “xodâhâfez”, or the short form of it “xodâfez” to say goodbye. The phrase means “God keeps you safe”. As in other languages, there are more different phrases to say goodbye, such as “be salâmat”, “khodânegahdâr” or “tâ fardâ”. “xodânegahdâr” is semantically the same as ...Other resources for the Bible in the Persian, Iranian Language; Joshua Project; ethnologue.com; findabible.net; Bible publication dates; First portion was published in 1546. The New Testament was published in 1815. The Complete Bible was published in 1838. The system recognizes the language quickly and automatically, converting the words into the language you want and trying to add the particular linguistic nuances and expressions. Indeed, a few tests show that DeepL Translator offers better translations than Google Translate when it comes to Dutch to English and vice versa. Translate Enter a text to translate (maximum 500 characters) From English Farsi-Persian Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese-Simplified Chinese-Traditional Czech Danish Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Greek Haitian Creole Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malay Hmong Daw Norwegian Polish Portuguese ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.The average price set by the non-Iranian translation companies for the translation of this 930 words text into Persian was 172 euros ... since Persian is the official language of Iran, the rate of translation into this language would definitely be lower in Iran compared to countries in which Persian is considered as a ...How to say "Yes" in Persian and in 45 More languages. Hungarian igen. Korean 네. Castilian Spanish sí. Japanese はい. French oui. Mandarin Chinese 是. Italian sì.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.How to Use the Wordvice AI Text Translator. To get top-quality online translation services for free, choose your source language and target language; type or paste your text into the text box on the left; and click the “Translate” button. Our AI translation technology applies high-quality translations for any content type.Iranian languages - Dialects, Variations, Classification: The six modern Iranian languages discussed above are the only ones that have an established literary tradition. They are not, however, homogeneous, each having its own dialect divisions. No definitive dialect classification has yet been made, nor indeed has any attempt at systematic classification …Persian speakers often use the phrase “xodâhâfez”, or the short form of it “xodâfez” to say goodbye. The phrase means “God keeps you safe”. As in other languages, there are more different phrases to say goodbye, such as “be salâmat”, “khodânegahdâr” or “tâ fardâ”. “xodânegahdâr” is semantically the same as ...The topic of “Endangered Languages” has come more into the focus of public and academic debate in recent years and is being discussed by numerous scholars. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which are in turn a branch of the Indo-European language family. As of 2008, there were an estimated 150 to 200 …In Persian, people tend to use a literal translation to “Are you well?” more often than “How are you”. This is how you can use it: Haletoon khub-eh? حالتون خوبه؟. Of course, there is also a formal way of saying the same phrase, you may see this form in books, newspapers, the news, formal speeches, and poetry. It is ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Mazandarani (مازرونی) Mazandarani is a northwestern Iranian language spoken in Mazandaran (اُستان مازندران), Gīlān (استان گیلان) and Golestan (استان گلستان) provinces in the northwest of Iran by some 3.3 million people. Mazandarani is also known as Tabäri (تبری) and has a number of different ... Translate English(English) to Farsi(فارسی). English Text "How are you?" will be translated to Farsi as "چطور هستید؟". English language online translation tool can also be used as English to Farsi Dictionary to get meaning of English words in Farsi. Type or paste text in a source language field and select Persian as the target language. Use our website for free and instant translation between 5,900+ language pairs. If you …Armenian (endonym: հայերեն (), հայերէն (), hayeren, pronounced [hɑjɛˈɾɛn]) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of an independent branch of that language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia.Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands, today Armenian is widely spoken …Background: The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE) is a commonly used instrument to measure social anxiety. This study aimed to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the BFNE in Iran. Methods: The English language version of the BFNE was translated into Persian (Iranian language) and was used in this study. …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Translate King uses Google transliteration Application Programming Interface (API) as its primary online language translation tool for seamlessly converting . Persian words into English. This API harnesses the cutting-edge capabilities of Google"s neural machine translation, allowing for the transformation of sentences into over 100 languages ... Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, [4] Tat/Tati Persian, [5] [6] or Caucasian Tat, [4] is a Southwestern Iranian language closely related to, [7] but not fully mutually intelligible [8] with Persian and spoken by the Tats in Azerbaijan and Russia. There is also an Iranian language called Judeo-Tat spoken by Mountain Jews . Translation memory for English - Persian languages . The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. May 4, 2023 · 1. Say "mam'noon" (mæm'nun). This is a common version of "thank you" in Persian, and mam'noon is written as ممنون in the Persian alphabet. It's most often used as a way for thanking someone for doing something simple. You can easily add "am" to the end of the word and say "mam'noonam", which sounds a little bit ladylike, but the usage is ... Tavalodet Mobarak Doost-e Azizam. In Farsi, you can express “Happy birthday, dear friend!” as “Tavalodet mobarak, doost-e azizam!”. Adding “doost-e azizam” to the greeting adds an affectionate touch. “Doost” means “friend,” and “azizam” means “dear” or “beloved.”. The phrase “doost-e azizam” conveys a sense ... Instantly translate text into any of the other supported languages and dialects Speech Have a split-screen conversation on a single phone, or speak into the microphone for a quick translation Google-এর পরিষেবা ইংরেজি থেকে অন্যান্য ১০০টির বেশি ভাষায় শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ ও ওয়েব পৃষ্ঠা ঝটপট অনুবাদ করে, কোনও চার্জ ছাড়াই। Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Iran Translator provides widespread advertisement of your products offered in Iran on Iranian sites. Those products whose manuals have been translated by Iran Translator will enjoy a considerable discount for advertisement. *****. Farsi Translation - Using our services, you can have Farsi translation of your English manuals by native speakers ... Language policy and planning of Iran. The current language policy of Iran is addressed in Chapter Two of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Articles 15 & 16). It asserts that the Persian language is the lingua franca of the Iranian nation and as such, required for the school system and for all official government communications ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Apr 11, 2024 · arrow_forward. • Text translation: Translate between 108 languages by typing. • Tap to Translate: Copy text in any app and tap the Google Translate icon to translate (all languages) •... The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family— English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch, and Spanish —have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across …Other resources for the Bible in the Persian, Iranian Language; Joshua Project; ethnologue.com; findabible.net; Bible publication dates; First portion was published in 1546. The New Testament was published in 1815. The Complete Bible was published in 1838. Translation memory for English - Persian languages . The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. Against the background of language policy research on Iran, and drawing on insights from recent scholarship on the role of translation in language policy, this article calls into question the claim that “Persianization” of non-Persian peoples is the main element of language policy in Iran.Honey in European Languages. Translation of word Honey in almost 42 European languages. Different Languages. Word Honey. Albanian. mjaltë. Basque. eztia. Belarusian.خدمات Google واژه‌ها، عبارت‌ها، و صفحه‌های وب را بدون هزینه بین زبان فارسی و بیش‌از ۱۰۰ زبان دیگر فوراً ترجمه می‌کند.Iranian languages - Dialects, Variations, Classification: The six modern Iranian languages discussed above are the only ones that have an established literary tradition. They are not, however, homogeneous, each having its own dialect divisions. No definitive dialect classification has yet been made, nor indeed has any attempt at systematic classification … Active. Google Translate is a multilingual neural machine translation service developed by Google to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. It offers a website interface, a mobile app for Android and iOS, as well as an API that helps developers build browser extensions and software applications. [3]

خدمات Google واژه‌ها، عبارت‌ها، و صفحه‌های وب را بدون هزینه بین زبان فارسی و بیش‌از ۱۰۰ زبان دیگر فوراً ترجمه می‌کند.. Passportparking com

translate to iranian language

هَشتصَد و هَفتاد و هَشت. 999. nohsad-o navad-o noh. نُهصَد و نَوَد و نُه. 5000. panj hezâr. پنج هِزار. Numbers in Farsi have a relatively simple structure, except for numbers between 10 to 20 which are always irregular.t. e. The Scythian languages ( / ˈsɪθiən / or / ˈsɪðiən / or / ˈskɪθiən /) are a group of Eastern Iranic languages of the classical and late antique period (the Middle Iranic period), spoken in a vast region of Eurasia by the populations belonging to the Scythian cultures and their descendants. The dominant ethnic groups among the ...Apr 4, 2024 · Other than Persian, there are Azeri, Kurdish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Luri, Arabic, Balochi, and Turkmen. There are some minority languages which include Qashqai, Taleshi, and Baadi. If one wants to list all the languages that Iranian people speak, the list will be never-ending because numerous other lingos have become dead languages till now. The Persian Translation tool includes online translator, translation dictionaries, text to voice online for a number of languages, multilingual virtual keyboard, online spell checker, Russian decoder, back translation, email service and much more. Free Persian translation service. The Persian translator can translate text, words and phrases ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Armenian (endonym: հայերեն (), հայերէն (), hayeren, pronounced [hɑjɛˈɾɛn]) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of an independent branch of that language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia.Historically spoken in the Armenian highlands, today Armenian is widely spoken … Persian Translation service by ImTranslator offers online translations from and to Persian language for over 160 other languages. Persian Translation tool includes Persian online translator, multilingual on-screen keyboard, back translation, email service and much more. How to translate into Sundanese? Type or paste text in a source language field and select Sundanese as the target language. Use our website for free and instant translation between 5,900+ language pairs. If you need fast and accurate human translation into Sundanese, order professional translation starting at $0.07. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Translate English(English) to Persian(فارسی). English Text "How are you?" will be translated to Persian as "چطور هستید؟". English language online translation tool can also be used as English to Persian Dictionary to get meaning of English words in Persian. Persian speakers often use the phrase “xodâhâfez”, or the short form of it “xodâfez” to say goodbye. The phrase means “God keeps you safe”. As in other languages, there are more different phrases to say goodbye, such as “be salâmat”, “khodânegahdâr” or “tâ fardâ”. “xodânegahdâr” is semantically the same as ...Joon (or jân, as it’s often pronounced), means “soul/spirit/life”, but it’s essentially a Persian word of endearment used after a person’s first name to mean “dear”. It’s a little nicer than just calling someone by their name alone. For some of my cousins who are older than me, I use joon as a sign of respect, for example, Nati ...For instruction on how to enable Farsi keyboard on iPhone or Android phone please visit Farsi Dictionary Mobile. The first and most popular free online Farsi (Persian)/English Dictionary with easy to use Farsi keyboard, two-way word lookup, multi-language smart translator, English lessons, educational games, and more with mobile and smartphone ... With QuillBot's English to Persian translator, you are able to translate text with the click of a button. Our translator works instantly, providing quick and accurate outputs. User-friendly interface. Our translator is easy to use. Just type or paste text into the left box, click "Translate," and let QuillBot do the rest. Text-to-speech feature. Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision. The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.were published abroad. The importance of newspapers published in Persian outside Iran and smuggled illegally into the country cannot be overemphasized.1 The foundation of the Dar al-Fon¯ un¯ in 1852 encouraged the spread of European influ-ence and spawned a number of translations from European languages. Initially the.

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